King Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Ruler Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay T he plays delineate the breakdown of English authority over pieces of France and the unpleasant and wild inward battles between the Houses of Lancaster and York in the battle to pick up the crown of England. Ruler Richard III is respected (Hume 202) as a bit of prop aganda support ing the Tudor rulers who succeeded Richard after he was slaughtered in fight . This paper look at s how the topic of still, small voice is confirm in Shakespeare’s play, and how the issues tended to are reflected in my every day life. (100 words) One conspicuous subject in the show is the topic of inner voice. All through the dramatization, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, murders and sells out to pick up the English crown. His inner voice , be that as it may, is obvious. In Act I scene iii, Margaret, a banished previous sovereign , has an exceptional revile for Richard , who kille d her better half and her child (lines 224 9) : The worm of still, small voice still begnaw thy soul. Thy companions suspect for double crossers while thou liv’st, And take profound backstabbers for thy dearest companions. No rest close up that dangerous eye of thine, Unless it be while some tormenting dream Affrights thee with a hellfire of monstrous fallen angels. The greater part of Margaret’s curses are satisfied during the play. Richard strugglesâ with his substantial inner voice. In Act IV scene I Lady A ne , his significant other is upset to discover that she is to be delegated his sovereign, and discusses her misery and his feeling of remorse: For never yet one hour in his bed Have I enjoyd the brilliant dew of rest, But have been waked by his faint dreams. Spec tacularly, in the scene before the fight at Bosworth, King Richard is visited by the apparitions of h I s casualties . His discourse in Act V scene iii proposes that he is overwhelmed by a ‘coward conscience’ (lines 191 6) : O defeatist inner voice, how dost thou harass me! The lights consume blue. It is presently dead 12 PM. Cold frightful drops remain on my trembling tissue. 2 The subject is created . Co nscience can be a manipulative apparatus utilized by quitters , Richard announces: Let not our prattling dreams alarm our spirits: Conscience is nevertheless a word that defeatists use, Devised from the outset to keep the solid in wonderment: Our solid arms be our still, small voice, blades our law. I will currently consider how still, small voice identifies with my every day life. It has frequently been commented (e. g. G ui 203; Palfreyman 80) that Richard’s emphaticness, his quality and assurance deserve their very own admiration, his violations aside. Consistently, I read in the papers that somebody has practiced savage control over others somehow or another, thus made ‘swords [their] law’ to wi n a challenge, regardless of whether it be as school harassing, or ascend to political force as in this play. I am as yet hazy with regards to how far we ought to stand up for ourselves to pick up things that we need at others’ cost this way. It startles me that I can understa nd such dictators and consider them to be basically extremely human. Such things are a vital piece of life and ourselves and will never disappear. I accept, however, thatâ there is such an unbelievable marvel as still, small voice, yet whether it is just something we have been instructed is har d to build up. It is conceivable to see Shakespeare’s play as an intricate wish satisfaction or dream, in this manner. In total, Shakespeare guides us to center , non shortsightedly, on oppression and savagery in our middle. It might be said , the depiction of Richard as a man with a soul and, simultaneously, with keen manipulative forces gives the dramatization uncertain humanistic issues. We may need to ask ourselves how far we can go to achieve our closures while as yet resting around evening time.

What Is the Purpose of Research Paper on Heart Disease?

What Is the Purpose of Research Paper on Heart Disease?The purpose of a research paper on heart disease is to do a critical analysis on the impact of current knowledge on the health conditions of various people. However, the results that are published from these papers have no clinical relevance. These research papers are really a waste of time and resources for doctors, researchers and even ordinary people. The actual purpose of such research papers is to present your viewpoint to the medical fraternity, and not to help you reach your goal.Although the main purpose of doing research on any health problem is to support the medical profession, they always ignore it. This is because, many people who are health-conscious like you and me, have been told by the doctor or psychiatrist that what we can do as far as health problems are concerned is nothing but get ourselves a better and efficient health care service. Health care in general is a state of mind, and we are simply unmindful of t he fact that this is very important. The only real aim of these research papers is to challenge all doctors, not to enable them.This is also one of the reasons why public sector and health care are so inefficient. Why should the doctor use any efficient research paper when he is not in a position to use it? If the private sector is able to use it to get a better product out, why is it not utilized by the government? How come the public sector has to use research papers and doctors' own research when the government has all the resources at its disposal?You will find that this is true for both public and private health care facilities. It is only when the public sector is educated about the resources it is using that we can solve the problem. This is because no one can tell the government that it is spending too much on health care, and no one can say that it is wasting money by not doing anything about the disease.The government has different plans and strategies for improving health care in India. And yet, there are some sectors which are not convinced by the plan. The problem lies with the private sector where some sectors want to dominate the health sector and make big profits.At the moment, the major challenge facing the Indian public sector is how to handle heart disease. Unfortunately, few medical professionals in the private sector understand the importance of critical thinking and research papers. One reason for this is that these problems remain hidden and many people are hesitant to ask questions about them. They are afraid of being called incompetent.You should never forget that a person who is ill or dying of heart disease is certainly not lazy. What is happening is that these people do not have enough time to do good research papers and use the resources. This is where government initiatives are necessary and a must. Government initiatives have the responsibility of bringing education and awareness to all sections of society.Through research papers and the implementation of Govt.Initiatives, the health problems of heart disease are going to be tackled. The first step that should be taken is to start implementing research papers. It is up to the government to implement the necessary laws and regulations. The professionals will then have to be trained and the same could be done through trainings or workshops.

Free Movement of Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Free Movement of Person - Essay Example One is that Nic is a Bulgarian national. The other is that he has not been acknowledged to any activity in Germany at the hour of his endeavor at section. There are two arrangements of laws relevant here, both identifying with opportunity of development of people inside the European Union. One identifies with the privileges of laborers, and end product to that, on the issue of whether a vocation candidate, for example, Nic has the option to enter Germany and be treated as a specialist under the law. Different has to do with whether citizenship in a nation that is either an individual from non-individual from the EU gives certain privileges of dwelling place and section into other part conditions of the EU (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-39). First Article 45 of the TFEU states that â€Å"workers of the Member States† are allowed to move inside the EU. The article, together with Article 18, fortifies the restriction on separation dependent on nationality, and the previous article e xplicitly disallows such segregation as it identifies with work for residents of the EU. There are additionally other specialist rights in the EU law that help Nic’s offer to enter Germany, among them the privilege against separation on work determination dependent on nationality, and the option to search for work in another EU nation, as inferred in the development right arrangement in Article 45 of the TFEU. In the interim, while Article 45 is mum on the status of employment searchers like Nic, the ECJ has clarified that it is end product to the specified privileges of Article 45 for work searchers in like manner to be managed the rights ensured in Article 45. This is valid for instance in cases like R v. Migration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Antonissen (case C-292/89) [1991 ] ECR I-745, where the court decided for work searchers having equivalent opportunity of development rights as laborers, basically (Bamford et al. 2012, p. 13). This implies as a work searcher, Nic has th e privilege to move inside the EU (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-15). Conceded that a two-level treatment framework is set up in the EU, with states who were in the EU preceding the May 2004 considerations having the option to nullify a portion of the laws on opportunity of development of people, it was clear likewise that the two-level framework was to pass by the start of 2012, and 2014 at the most recent. Germany’s just safe ground here is that Bulgaria is inside the gathering of states post 2004, and in this manner Germany has the option to conjure limitations to free development of Bulgarians in Germany preceding 2014. The Germans however ought to have connoted legitimately their goal as to limiting or lifting limitations on development of Bulgarian nationals inside Germany by 2008. In addition, the limitation post 2012 isn't total, and Germany needs to show that the development of Nic, a physiotherapist, into Germany to look for work would disturb the work showcase in Germ any. Despite what might be expected, there is a physiotherapist deficiency in that nation (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-24). The parity of the proof and the legitimate arrangements for and against the free development of the Bulgarian physiotherapist Nic appears to support Nic’s being permitted section into Germany, and of Germany being on an inappropriate finish of the EU law. Expecting this parity evaluation is right, EU law supplants German law. ECJ case law gives numerous instances of the ECJ deciding on and concluding that national laws conflict with Article 45. Such is the situation in Allue v. Universita degli Studi

Challenges Small Businesses, Disadvantages, Effects Of Globalization - 550 Words

Discuss The Challenges For Small Businesses, Disadvantages, Effects Of Globalization (Essay Sample) Content: Expansion PaperStudents name InstitutionProfessorCourse IntroductionThe term going global refers to the international movement towards economic, financial and communication incorporation. Globalization can be traced back to the era of the Roman empire. However, the term was made famous by Thomas L. Friedman in the Book The World is Flat, where he argued that the rate at which the world is becoming global is speeding up the impact on business and organizations as various business practices changes (Dunning, 2014). The paper will discuss the challenges for small businesses, disadvantages, effects of globalization on small businesses and multinationals. For small businesses, going global is a critical mission that could cause several business disruptions. Therefore, it is essential that business leaders must seek to understand its impact and determine if the adverse effects outweigh the positives that will be accrued due to the expansion. Deciding to take a small busi ness globally is complex and dynamic and requires businesses to understand the target market fully, their competitors, the trends in that market and the requirements to succeed in the new market. Several challenges face small business expansion; in any case, there is no business expansion without facing any hurdle. However, expanding globally has its unique problems. This includes language barriers, tax compliance issues, slow pace and competition from local businesses (Collings, 2014). Different cultures have their ways of doing things; cultural norms present considerable obstacles to new companies. Understanding tax codes from different countries, how to package your products can be a challenge. The business can also take time to pick up, as a result; international companies must be prepared for such situations. Convincing the locals to purchase your products can also be a challenge while finding the right partner is equally challenging. Small businesses must address these challe nges must when expanding globally. Going global has several disadvantages; to begin with, it requires a lot of capital. Expanding globally requires a lot of finances which can bring the business down if they are not well prepared. Another disadvantage is that there is less control since the stores are located far. Hiring and training the right employee is also a disadvantage to the company in the sense that more resources have to be used. On the other hand, failing to evaluate new employees properly will result in poor performance, while the company will have to look for a more suitable candidate, which is an added cost (Collings, 2014). Moreover, expansion compromises the quality of the products, which makes clients to shun the company. Compared to small businesses, it is not easy for medium firms to compete globally. This is because they both face the same issues. Regarding cultural challenges, both businesses must learn the culture of the natives in the country they are planning to set up their businesses. Moreover, matters of tax compliance, slow pace, competition are still common challenges that all kinds of businesses must grapple with regardless of whether they are small or large. However, compared to small businesses, large companies have the upper hand concerning finances. Going global requires a lot of financial investments, which large businesses have. As the world becomes globalized, e...

Health Care Bill Should Be Legal - 1601 Words

The Health-Care Bill has finally passed through Congress and the Senate. All Americans should now be able to afford health care. After several revisions, the bill has passed. Some parts of the bill will not take effect until 2014. One of those examples is to make it mandatory for everyone to purchase some type of health care insurance.We do not believe this Health-Care bill will have detrimental effects on our current health-care program. Once new competitive insurance markets open for business in 2014, individuals buying coverage comparable to what they have today will pay 14-20 percent less. This will be a plus for us. My husband and I have good insurance at the present time, which is an incentive for workers to remain with his former†¦show more content†¦The bill will also put a stop to denial of health care for people who have preexisting health problems, or forcing them to pay high premiums for what care they already have. I feel I can relax now that this is off the ta ble and will soon be in action. Sources: Rochester Sentinel, March 19, 2010, Front page, Dems Sweeten Health Bill. Rochester Sentinel, March 26, 2010, Page 2, Dems Complete Health Care Fight With the Final Touches. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125004701 For those of you who did not get a chance to watch the program on Obama s New Health Care Bill, on Tuesday, March 23, 2010, this is everything you need to know about this bill. Even if you did watch this program, but did not fully understand what will be going on in the near future, this is the only resource you need to learn about the conditions which are stressed by this new health care bill, which was signed both by the President and Vice President on national television. Those of you who are in larger companies such a banks, cell phone companies, grocery stores, fast food chains, and super centers, you should not have much to worry about. All companies which have more than 50 employees, have a mandatory law that they must provide some type of medical insurance for you, after a certain amount of time while you have been working there. This means that they willShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Legal Care1617 Words   |  7 Pageslike Grouper will be even more effected consider ing that only 2% of their caregiver population speaks Spanish. If the health committee sees that not only do the employees not agree with the bill but the hospitals do as well they may reconsider their bill. Lastly and most importantly we have to get the payers and the community involved. Laying out the facts, showing them how this bill will not only effect the hospital but the communities and population it serves is key. With the majority of our hospitalsRead MoreAmerican Performance Management Of The Health Care System1566 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care System is the maintenance and improvement of physical and mental health, especially through the provision of medical services. America is the 37th ranked country which provided better health care, according to the World Health Organization. Although, United States spends more money on Healthcare than other countries still, this country was not in a better place in the Healthcare system compared to the western countries. Ameri can performance management of the Health Care system wasRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States1356 Words   |  6 Pages 2002). Bill Clinton’s administration enacted Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) in which significantly limited the eligibility of legally admitted immigrants to benefit from any of the public programs stated above. 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Bill C-2 was created as a response to a Supreme Court ruling that ordered the federal Minister of Health to continue to provide an exemption to the Controlled Drugs and SubstancesRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Receive Health Care Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America needs comprehensive health care reform, and immigrants should be a part of the movement.  Ã‚  But many American citizens might ask that pertinent question: why should they cover the expense for illegal immigrants to access health care?  Ã‚  The answer is plain and simple: until congress passes immigration laws that work, people are going to migrant here illegally.  Ã‚  And to deny migrants access to affordable health care, Americans are not only denying them their human right, they areRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act833 Words   |  3 Pagesyou were in an a comma and you already made choices about what you want to do before you were in an a comma,your parents should have the right to decide something else for you because your choice of what you want to do may not be the right choice as you think it would might be. â€Å"In 2010, a new Patient’s Bill of Rights was created along with the Affordable Care Act. This bill of rights was designed to give new patient protections in dealing with insurance companies. Some of the protections startedRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent should the Affordable Care Act â€Å"Obama Care†, be the responsibility of the Federal government, and not the burden of the state under the guidelines of Federalism? In the past years down to 2008 we the people have heard conflicting arguments about the Affordable Care Act, also known as â€Å"Obama Care†. Obama Care is a health insurance plan ran by the federal government. A health insurance plan in which everyone in the United States is eligible to have weather you are rich, middle class

Organizational Behavior And Human Behavior - 1217 Words

Organizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study on one organization, but the study within one organization as well as the organization affects other organizations. Organizations can vary in size and all have different outcomes inside the workplace. There are many reasons to study organizational behavior; one of the biggest reasons is to find out what is the best way for a company to operate. If you can pinpoint all of the bad habits a company has and can reverse them, then you will have a better performing company. Everyone company studies their organizational behavio r is some way. Calling out an employees and correcting their mistakes is one example. Organizational behavior is only a study on the field and not an actual group within an organization. Almost all actions of an individual can have either a positive or negative affect on a company. Anything from attitude to behavior reflected from the attitudes of people can affect the outcome of a problem. All behavior can have an effect on an organization. There are many different kinds of behavior types. Attitudes areShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 Pagesframeworks in managing projects (Murthy, 2014). A major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. 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For attaining the goals of the organization, the employees need to work effectively and perform at their best. To get appropriate outcome, the human resource department considers aspects like, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, human resource planning, recruitment and selection, human resource development, compensationRead MoreBoeing Corporation: Human Resources Management and Organizational Behavior Challenges5661 Words   |  23 PagesA study on Boeing Corporation’s Human Resources Management and Organisational Behaviour challenges TABLE OF CONTENTS Aim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Company overview i) Company’s background, mission statement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 ii) Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 iii) Boeing airbus market share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 News volumes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Aircraft deliveries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 Organisational design Read MoreLearning About Human Behavior And Organizational Culture, Motivation, Managing Conflict, And Negotiation1242 Words   |  5 PagesLearning About Human Behavior Human Behavior in Organizations is a five week course; however the information that is presented over the five weeks is difficult to absorb and assimilate into everyday life. The amount of knowledge I could gain from this course would take me a whole semester to actually process. I thoroughly enjoyed the topics, case studies, and trying to decipher if a certain action is ethical and moral. What really defines ethical and moral? Is it one’s own cultural beliefs thatRead MoreUnderstanding Human Behavior1257 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Human Behavior: As a critical aspect for many organizations, the study of human behavior and the interactions between people and the organization is usually described as organizational behavior since its mainly geared towards understanding and forecasting human behavior. For organizational leaders, understanding human behavior is a critical skill that has direct impacts on the success of the organization. Therefore, the ability of an organizational leader to be successful is closely

Challenges Faced by Fashion Industry -Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Fashion. Answer: Ethical fashion denotes a way to source, design and manufacture clothing in order to maximize benefits to communities and people along with minimizing environmental impact. According to Manchiraju and Sadachar (2014) for a behavior to be considered as ethical it has to be morally acceptable and correct. In case of ethical fashion the definition of ethics goes well beyond to not causing harm, taking an active role towards poverty, creating sustainable livelihood and countering and minimizing concerns related to environment. One of the main principle of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) is Human dignity. As stated by Shen (2014) the modern world is becoming more and more materialistic where the respect related to human life is diminishing. It is proclaimed by the Catholic Church that as human life is holy and sacred the dignity of a human is the fundamental with respect to a moral vision in the society. It further provides that the basis of all principles provided through the social teach ings is the inherent dignity of human beings and sanctity of human life. There are various issues faced by the fashion industry in relation to ethics. The issues can be divided into business issues, people issues, environmental issues and country issues. The business issues include fashion development, awareness fashion, cheap fashion, fast fashion, barriers and trade tariffs. People issues include fair trade, rights of workers and their wages, skills and culture and sustainable livelihood. Environmental issues include the use of dyes, pesticides, water, waste energy, recycling and eco-fashion. The main issue faced by the fashion industry in both Australia and globally is sustainability in the industry. The fashion industry in the present day is liable for the exploitation of people and the environment. It is the number one industry in Australia when it comes to exploitation of people. An investigation into the fashion industry provides that there is no knowledge on the part of nine out of ten fashion companies in Australia with regards to where the fashion is sourced from along with failing to pay the overseas works an amount to meet their global needs which is against the principles of common good. The problem is not only limited to Australia but to the entire world where the fashion industry is related to several issues against common goods such as less wages, little rights, child labor and no effort for well being of the labors. Rutter and Armstrong (2015) provide that even after several accidents in the industry a considerable number of brands are still exploiting the labor force. In order to abide by the principles of human dignity the problems has to be addressed with utmost significance and priority (Jordan 2016). This section of the paper demonstrates ways to address the challenge related to sustainability in the clothing industry for a fair and just society. The priorities for the fashion industry must be the condition of labor and water foot prints. The initial step which has to be taken by the company is to adopt fabrics which are more sustainable and cost 10-15% higher than the base price. This would initiate a chain reaction in the industry. As responsible textiles would be sourced by big brands the volume of orders would be more and will reduce the cost of manufacture which would subsequently reduce the selling price and make the product more accessible to the consumers. This would also ensure that the industry makes more profit providing them the chance to give increased salaries to the workers. The market of sustainable product has to be enhanced which has a very limited scope. The awareness of the customers in relation to where fabrics come from and how cloths are made have to be rai sed along with the environmental and social impact of the production through social media. As highlighted by Cohen, Amaral and Cunha (2015) a market for sustainability may be present but the customers are not aware of it. Marshall (2014) stated that the initial step to attain sustainability would be through the enhancement of internal transparency. A lot of brands are not aware about the source of origination related to the clothing. This it becomes significant to go through the supply chain and assure that sustainable practices are adopted through supply chain without which it cannot be possible to make the customers know about sustainable values. Another key element for the change in industry is through the sharing of best practices. As the clothing industry is very complex and a single answer cannot resolve the issues sharing knowledge can be critical. The solution can be found only through enhanced collaboration at various stages. Although there are a few fashion brands which are super ethical the lack of stylish and affordable cloths is still lacking in the high streets brands as the demand of ethical fashion is not enough in the market. One of the problems is that many fashion companies are not provided the exposures as compared to big non ethical brands it is not possible for them to afford public relation representatives who are the power house of the industry. The fact denotes that although there are stylists and editors who would want the production of ethical fashion they are not exposed to it to the same level as compared to big brands. As provided by Gwilt (2013) the ethical fashion report 2017 almost 80% of the fashion companies were aware of the supplies involved in the final stages. It is the level of supply chain with which the companies have the strongest relationships. The enhanced visibility ensures that the worst forms of forced labour, child labour and exploitation are very less prevalent at the supply change. However, deeper into the supply chain where there is very less visibility these risks are substantial. The issue can be addressed through the introduction of transparency. Improved corporate transparency around the supply chain is needed to ensure corporate transparency. This can be initiated through increasing the willingness of the organizations to be more accountable to the consumers. On the other hand the companies having low transparency and less responsiveness have to be brought under public scrutiny and strict regulations towards their governance and environmental policies. The low grading sys tem is not being effective enough to address the issue of less transparency and accountability. Another way of address the issue of human dignity within the fashion industry is to address the living wages of the labours (Henninger and Singh 2017). The fashion industry is continuously growing every year and is one of the most labour intensive industries in the world. It attracts those groups who find it difficult to get jobs in other sectors along with those who have been associated with the industry for generations. It is seen that in most of the industries the labour force is exploited by proving them less wages. The issue has to be addressed by introduction of the national employment standards into the industry for the enhancement of the well-being of the labour force. Trade unions should be provided with increased power so that the collective bargaining power of the workforce is enhanced in order to promote human dignity. It can be argued by the company that the responsibility of taking care of the labour force is on the suppliers and not them. Thus the customer and consumer expectations have to be shifted along with the regulatory and political environment References Cohen, N., Amaral, I. and Cunha, J., 2015. Fashion communication: a way to change comsumption behaviour towards ethical fashion. In2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts (SGEM2015)(pp. 393-400). SGEM. Gwilt, A., 2013. Sustainable and ethical fashion. Henninger, C.E. and Singh, P., 2017. Ethical Consumption Patterns and the Link to Purchasing Sustainable Fashion. InSustainability in Fashion(pp. 103-126). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Jordan, A.M., 2016. Towards Sustainability: Online Ethical Fashion Retailer. Manchiraju, S. and Sadachar, A., 2014. Personal values and ethical fashion consumption.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management,18(3), pp.357-374. Marshall, J., 2014. Fashionably ethical.Big Issue Australia, (474), p.29. Rutter, C. and Armstrong, K., 2015. Ethical fashion consumption. Shen, B., 2014. Sustainable fashion supply chain: Lessons from HM.Sustainability,6(9), pp.6236-6249.

Privatization Essays (565 words) - Market Structure, Monopoly

Privatization As a result of privatization in Russia, tens of thousands of state-owned enterprises - from small retail shops to major industrial enterprises - have been transformed into privately owned companies. Millions of Russian citizens became owners. The privatization is guided by the special government program which operates on different administrative levels: federal, regional and municipal. The authorities on any given level are authorized to privatize only those assets transferred to their ownership. Large-scale privatization By July 1994, 15,052 medium and large enterprises, employing more than 80% of the industrial workforce, had been privatized in a voucher-based privatization scheme. The second (post-voucher), cash-based phase of privatization is under way now. Government blocks of shares will be sold primarily to strategic investors in special investment tenders. The list of ?strategic enterprises?, including energy, defence and utilities, majority state ownership is to be retained for at least two to three years. In the second stage of privatization, enterprises will be able to buy the land and buildings they are associated with. Farm privatization has made limited progress so far. More than 80% of agricultural land is owned by large farms with some form of collective ownership and 10% remains state property. Only 6% is in the hands of private farmers and urban dwellers with small household plots own 4%. Property rights over agricultural land remain subject to heavy restrictions. Small-scale privatization By the end of 1995 more than 100,000 state-owned small-scale businesses (with less than 200 employees) had been transferred to private hands. The overwhelming majority of these were in the retail trade, public catering and consumer services sector, where private entities account for 80% of activity. The size of the private sector The non-state sector, including all corporatized enterprises irrespective of the share of state ownership, accounted for 70% of GDP and 60% of employment by the end of 1995. Forecast for 1996 Financial assets will be the main instrument of privatization in 1996. The share of facilities sold at auctions and commercial and investment tenders and privatized by the redemption of leased property and sale of immovables and land will grow. The development of the stock market will be based lagerly on demand from ?strategic investors? interested in high profitability for their investments and the gaining of control over enterprises. The sale of land and immovables to enterprises will be a new feature of privatization. According to estimates, the number of enterprises which will have changed their form of ownership will be 124,600 in 1996. Their aggregate output is estimated at 844 trillion rubles (accounted for 31% of GDP) and their combined personnel at 21 million (31.6% of employment). The creation of an effective bankruptcy mechanism and work with insolvent enterprises will be a major factor in enhancing economic efficiency. The legal base of bankruptcy is to be improved and effective bankruptcy procedures to be elaborated in 1996. This presumably is to facilitate the reduction of inter-enterprise debts. Adoption of international bookkeeping principles and audit standards can help solve many problems related to enterprise insolvency, restructuring, improvement and support. Next year's privatization process will be determined, to a considerable degree, by the state of the market. In 1996 it should acquire all the basic characteristics of the capital market, and its main task will be an effective inter-industry and inter-regional re-distribution of investment resources. Economics

Biography of Thomas Gage, British Army General

Biography of Thomas Gage, British Army General Thomas Gage (March 10, 1718 or 1719–April 2, 1787) was a British Army general who commanded troops during the beginning of the American Revolution. Prior to this, he served as the colonial governor of Massachusetts Bay. In 1775, he was replaced as the British military commander-in-chief by General William Howe. Fast Facts: Thomas Gage Known For: Gage commanded British Army forces during the early stages of the American Revolution.Born: March 10, 1718 or 1719 in Firle, EnglandParents: Thomas Gage and Benedicta Maria Teresa HallDied: April 2, 1787 in London, EnglandEducation: Westminster SchoolSpouse: Margaret Kemble Gage (m. 1758)Children: Henry Gage, William Gage, Charlotte Gage, Louisa Gage, Marion Gage, Harriet Gage, John Gage, Emily Gage Early Life The second son of the 1st Viscount Gage and Benedicta Maria Teresa Hall, Thomas Gage was born in Firle, England, in 1718 or 1719. At the Westminster School, he became friends with John Burgoyne, Richard Howe, and the future Lord George Germain. Gage developed a fierce attachment to the Anglican Church and a deep distaste for Roman Catholicism. After leaving school, he joined the British Army as an ensign and commenced recruiting duties in Yorkshire. Flanders and Scotland In 1741, Gage purchased a commission as a lieutenant in the 1st Northampton Regiment.  The following year, in May 1742, he transferred to Battereaus Foot Regiment with the rank of captain-lieutenant. In 1743, Gage was promoted to captain and joined the Earl of Albemarles staff as an aide-de-camp in Flanders for service during the War of the Austrian Succession. With Albemarle, Gage saw action during the Duke of Cumberlands defeat at the Battle of Fontenoy. Shortly thereafter, he, along with the bulk of Cumberlands army, returned to Britain to deal with the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Gage served in Scotland during the Culloden campaign. Peacetime After campaigning with Albemarle in the Low Countries from 1747 to 1748, Gage was able to purchase a commission as a major. After moving to Colonel John Lees 55th Regiment of Foot, Gage began a long friendship with future American general Charles Lee. A member of Whites Club in London, he proved popular with his peers and cultivated important political connections. With the 55th, Gage proved himself an able leader and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1751. Two years later, he mounted a campaign for Parliament but was defeated in the election of April 1754. After remaining in Britain another year, Gage and his regiment, re-designated the 44th, was sent to North America in to take part in General Edward Braddocks campaign against Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War. Service in America Braddocks army moved slowly as it sought to cut a road through the wilderness. On July 9, 1755, the British column neared its target from the southeast with Gage leading vanguard. Spotting a mixed force of French and Native Americans, his men initiated the Battle of the Monongahela. The engagement quickly went against the British and in several hours of fighting, Braddock was killed and his army routed. In the course of the battle, the commander of the 44th, Colonel Peter Halkett, was killed and Gage was slightly wounded. Following the battle, Captain Robert Orme accused Gage of poor field tactics. While the accusations were dismissed, it prevented Gage from receiving permanent command of the 44th. In the course of the campaign, he became acquainted with George Washington and the two men stayed in contact for several years after the battle. After a role in a failed expedition along the Mohawk River intended to resupply Fort Oswego, Gage was sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to take part in an abortive attempt against the French fortress of Louisbourg. There, he received permission to raise a regiment of light infantry for service in North America. New York Frontier Promoted to colonel in December 1757, Gage spent the winter in New Jersey recruiting for his new unit. On July 7, 1758, Gage led his new command against Fort Ticonderoga as part of Major General James Abercrombies failed attempt to capture the fortress. Slightly wounded in the attack, Gage, with some assistance from his brother Lord Gage, was able to secure promotion to brigadier general. In New York City, Gage met with Jeffery Amherst, the new British commander-in-chief in America. While in the city, he married Margaret Kemble on December 8, 1758. The following month, Gage was appointed to command Albany and its surrounding posts. Montreal Amherst gave Gage command of British forces on Lake Ontario with orders to capture Fort La Galette and Montreal. Concerned that expected reinforcements from Fort Duquesne had not arrived, Gage suggested reinforcing Niagara and Oswego instead while Amherst and Major General James Wolfe moved into Canada. This lack of aggression was noted by Amherst and when the attack on Montreal was launched, Gage was placed in command of the rear guard. Following the citys capture in 1760, Gage was installed as military governor. Though he disliked Catholics and Native Americans, he proved an able administrator. Commander-in-Chief In 1761, Gage was promoted to major general and two years later returned to New York as acting commander-in-chief. The appointment was made official on November 16, 1764. As the new commander-in-chief in America, Gage inherited a Native American uprising known as Pontiacs Rebellion. Though he sent out expeditions to deal with the Native Americans, he also pursued diplomatic solutions to the conflict as well. After two years of sporadic fighting, a peace treaty was signed in July 1766. At the same time, however, tensions were rising in the colonies due to a variety of taxes imposed by London. Revolution Approaches In response to the outcry raised against the 1765 Stamp Act, Gage began recalling troops from the frontier and concentrating them in coastal cities, particularly New York. To accommodate his men, Parliament passed the Quartering Act (1765), which allowed troops to be housed in private residences. With the passage of the 1767 Townshend Acts, the focus of resistance shifted north to Boston, and Gage responded by sending troops to that city. On March 5, 1770, the situation came to a head with the Boston Massacre. After being taunted, British troops fired into a crowd, killing five civilians.  Gages understanding of the underlying issues evolved during this time.  Initially thinking the unrest to be the work of a small number of elites, he later came to believe that the problem was the result of democracy in colonial governments. In 1772, Gage requested a leave of absence and returned to England the following year. He missed the Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) and the outcry in response to the Intolerable Acts. Having proven himself an able administrator, Gage was appointed to replace Thomas Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts on April 2, 1774. Gage was initially well received, as Bostonians were happy to be rid of Hutchinson. His popularity quickly began to decline, though, as he moved to implement the Intolerable Acts. With tensions increasing, Gage began a series of raids in September to seize colonial munitions. While an early raid on Somerville, Massachusetts, was successful, it touched off the Powder Alarm, which saw thousands of colonial militiamen mobilize and move toward Boston.  Though later dispersed, the event had an impact on Gage. Concerned about not escalating the situation, Gage did not attempt to quash groups such as the Sons of Liberty and was criticized by his own men for being too lenient as a result. In April 1775, Gage ordered 700 men to march to Concord to capture colonial powder and guns. On the way, active fighting began at Lexington and was continued at Concord. Though British troops were able to clear each town, they sustained heavy casualties during their march back to Boston. Following the fighting at Lexington and Concord, Gage found himself besieged in Boston by a growing colonial army. Concerned that his wife, a colonial by birth, was aiding the enemy, Gage sent her away to England. Reinforced in May by 4,500 men under Major General William Howe, Gage began planning a breakout. This was thwarted in June when colonial forces fortified Breeds Hill north of the city. In the resulting Battle of Bunker Hill, Gages men were able to capture the heights but sustained over 1,000 casualties in the process. That October, Gage was recalled to England and Howe was given temporary command of the British forces in America. Death In England, Gage reported to Lord George Germain, now the Secretary of State of the American Colonies, that a large army would be necessary to defeat the Americans and that foreign troops would need to be hired. In April 1776, a command was permanently given to Howe and Gage was placed on the inactive list. He remained in semi-retirement until April 1781, when Amherst called upon him to raise troops to resist a possible French invasion. Promoted to general on November 20, 1782, Gage saw little active service and died at the Isle of Portland on April 2, 1787. Legacy Gage was survived by his wife and five children. His son Henry went on to become a British Army officer and member of Parliament, while his son William became a commander in the British Navy. The Canadian village of Gagetown was named after him.

Six Features of an Effective Total Rewards Program Essay

Six Features of an Effective Total Rewards Program - Essay Example The best way to gain profits and achieve commercial success is through employee compensation both in cash and kind. The cash benefits include wages and salary, while benefits in kind include fringe benefits and perquisites. The employee rewarding programs are critical to success of the organizations in recent times. Tesco PLC, the British multinational (MNC) grocery and merchandise retailer, is well-known for the compensation plan offered to its sales force (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). The company provides simple, competitive and sustainable rewards to the staff, which help to build loyalty and trust amongst the employees and ensure their retention. The staff is paid quite high and the amount is around 7% more than three largest food retailers present in the market. Total reward program is a part of the sales force compensation plan. Many companies effectively conduct these programs so as to build loyalty and trust amongst employees. Six features of an effective total rewards program can be described as follows: Strong Compensation structure- The sales force can be motivated through premium and variable pay, besides the base salary. Premium pays can be in the form of on-call, shift differential, call-in, hazard, bi-lingual and skill based pay (Tetrick & Haimann, 2014). Variable pay, on the other hand, can be offered as commission, team based pay, bonus programs and incentive pay. Incentives increase the feeling of self-actualization among employees. Top IT companies such as, IBM, offers employees undifferentiated variable and team based pay, thereby accelerating their level of morale and encouraging them to work for the organizational welfare (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014). Availability of Perquisites – These have the capacity to elevate the motivation level of sales force.

Volunteer report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Volunteer report - Essay Example I noticed that they had a timetable meal that ran from Monday to Sunday. Their food was excellent and for this reason I wished I would join them every day for a grasps of their meal. In addition, they have a playroom, mediation room, gym and many other utilities that prove useful to the families. The gym was used in for the purpose of refreshment after a long day. Staying fit was one of their key mottos. The main objective of the facility is not only to provide stability and resources for families in every part but also to keep families collectively to help kids heal and cope better. During my volunteering intern at the facility, I was accompanied by other interns, Chef Mishel together with other dietetic interns who were well experienced with their work. Together, we cooked a meal for the families and I was able to serve for some of them in the facility. Their shined with glamour a proof that our meal was splendid. I was so happy and wished this happened frequently. I interacted with various families at the facility most of which were children, and it was incredible to learn about where they were from the families they came from. In addition, I played games with the children in the playroom and worked out in the gym, something that made them jovial. Actually, those families and children were the best people to interact with. Without forgetting to mention, the families pointed out that there were various groups that came from Monday through to Friday to cook meals for them. The children said that they appreciated their efforts to deliver services for it shows how much these people are concerned with their well-being. It was so amazing to notice that there were other volunteer groups that were mostly interested in the volunteering act for it takes a lot for a person to do such work. These children and families need to get their minds off from the

William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde Essay Example for Free

William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde Essay Both William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde focus on the duality of mans evil and the reasons for that sudden change in character. Golding is rather more interested in group evil, and the way that this develops in people, whereas Stevenson focuses on singular evil and the powers that drive a man to befriend the devil. In 1954, after being in the Second World War, Golding reflected on the evil he had seen in his fellow men, and was appalled at how cruel, animal like, and savage humans could be. He wrote this book to show the real nature of men and how taking away civilized society could change people very quickly into evil creatures, once the rules have all but gone, I learned during World War two just how brutal people can be to each other. Not Just Germans or Japanese, but everyone. I tried to point that out. Some have said that the brutality of the novel is impossible, its not, look at any newspaper, William Golding emphasizing the evil theme to his book. Being a teacher in the 1950s, he was in constant contact with younger children and was shocked at their naivety and lack of belief that evil existed in their picture perfect society. So on the island to represent evil, he created Jack Merridew. Jack is a parody of Hitler, who in the 1940s was trying to take over the world with his Nazi regime, Jack stabbed in the air with his index finger, this quote shows a certain likeness to Hitlers behavior and his very evil mind. Being brought up in Victorian England, Stevenson was living in a very class orientated society. Issues such as sex, crime, and murder were all both brushed under the carpet and forgotten about, or were never spoken of in social context. Middle class Victorian men were expected to be true gentlemen to whom sex was a very low priority. This ignoring of sex and other taboo issues led many men and women to lead double lives; in public they were very orderly and well conducted but behind closed doors or when darkness fell they would emerge and show the true nature of their wildly person. Evil was also another subject that was totally ignored, and consequently people denied its existence. So, in his book Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Stevenson aimed to show that evil was alive and well in Victorian London society and that middle class peoples double personalities could be very different and often a great deal more sinister than the face that they showed in public. The amount of evil and villainous material in Victorian literature was so little, so being influenced by such novels as Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and big crimes of the day such as Jack the Ripper, he decided to write and to explore the idea of what evil in texts would be like. In Lord of the Flies evil is explored and displayed in the form of two young boys; Jack and Roger. This alone is quite unusual as young boys are not usually classed or seen as evil characters, but this book is anything but usual in every sense of the word. In this novel the main evil character, Jack has a definite need to dictate over all others around.

sponsorship management Essay -- essays research papers

SPONSORSHIP MANAGEMENT PRESENTED BY: JULIUS TABLE OF CONTENT 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Sponsorship? 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Management? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the Management’s Functions? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Sponsorship Management? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Know the Game: understand what sponsorships can do and cannot do 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Passion Connection 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does sponsorship really enhance brand building? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Understand leverage 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measurement 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case Study What is sponsorship? ‘As a marketer, why wouldn’t you use sponsorship? What better medium is there? With sponsorship, you already have a loyal, passionate consumer following of whatever that sponsorship is, whether it’s music or football or sailing-you already have a connection with the consumer. So if the fan that has the passion for something is the same person that is your customer, why would you not borrow some of that equity and use that as the essence of an idea around which to build your communication ‘Chris Weil, Momentum Worldwide Sponsorship is a multi-faceted strategic brand building and marketing tool, which allows a company or brand to associate with a relevant marketing asset (e.g. sport event, social cause, issues or passion), and leverage that association for the mutual benefit of all stakeholders. Sponsorship is a heaven sent opportunity that allows consumer to experience the brand. Sponsorship â€Å"embraces† the consumers while advertising â€Å"wave at them†. If there is any brand building effort that provides a sustainable competitive advantage, it is sponsorship. The value of sponsorship is being enhanced rapidly and key events and organisations are able to choose from a wide range of potential sponsors and attract high rights fees. Prime factors in the rise of sponsorship fees are the globalisation of communications, new technology of cable and satellite broadcasting, the internet and digital communications and the growing aspirations of societies for leisure and information. Sponsorship is changing too, and it now figures as part of mainstream marketing. For example, sports sponsorship is increasingly referred too now as sp... ...;  Match day tickets to staff †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global newsletter distribution with promo activities Guinness Rugby World Cup Ambassadors †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ex-players to serve as World Cup ambassadors †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used at trade events, staff events, etc Website †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guinness created website †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elements of broadcast could be downloaded as screen savers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Average visit to website lasted 9 minutes Results †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increased consumption in priority markets (GB=17%, Fr=37%, Australia=20%, SA=24%) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  94% prompted awareness in GB, post activity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guinness was the most dominant sponsor of the Games †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive results in reinforcing brand essence, injecting energy, promoting newsworthiness and co temporizing the brand Conclusion †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Principles must be applied consistently over time †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Message must be consistent with brand essence †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measure, measure, measure

Native Americans and Early American Colonists Essay

Grade school and even beginning level college history classes have taught early American exploration from a largely one sided view of the conflict between early explorers and Native Americans. The traditional image of the Native Americans as the sole victims, is an oversimplification of the conflict that existed between early explorers, settlers and Native Americans. Through the readings from Columbus, Bradford and some selected Native American writings, the traditional view of the Native American victim will be challenged and a broader view of the conflict will be presented. Columbus set out to explore a new land under the Spanish flag to bring riches and fame to Spain and the throne. In his letter to Santangel, Columbus (1493) explained how he hoped to find â€Å"great cities† and â€Å"king[s]† but instead found a primitive people and settlements he described as â€Å"small hamlets† that he viewed quite devolved from the bustling civilizations of Europe (pg. 26). One can clearly see, that Columbus’s hopes of finding rich kingdoms and cultures were dashed; instead his presence was met with resistance from the â€Å"Indians†. This relationship with the natives was described by Baym et. all (2008) as â€Å"disordered and bloody† (pg. 25). These natives were mistreated even though one could argue that they â€Å"threw the first punch† but, as Baym et. all (2008) describes earlier in the chapter, the Natives were not merely victims. They strategically used alliances with explorers and settlers to further their own interests and disputes with warring tribes and peoples. William Bradford (1897) describes quite a different account of his coming to the new world. He was part of a group of â€Å"pilgrims† seeking religious freedom. He likens their arrival to the new world, to the story in Acts were the apostles are met with such aggression from barbarians â€Å"who were readier to fill their sides full of arrows† (pg. 60). Later on in his account, he describes an attack they received from the natives he described as â€Å"enemies† (pg. 64). Later on in his account, Bradford (1897) describes some awful events surrounding early accounts of settler and native interactions in which the Native Americans treated the english as â€Å"worse than slaves† and were sent around and â€Å"ma[d]e sport with† (pg. 70). One last important viewpoint to give credence to is that of the Natives themselves. This account is unique and oftentimes not told. The first story mentioned is that of the freeing of John Smith as a ceremonial act that the natives hoped would earn them respect from the English. This instead had the opposite effect and eventually brought about an attack from the natives which killed over 500 colonists. In a speech from Pontiac (1763) he expresses concern over his people forgetting their heritage and blaming the English for the polluting of his people’s culture and beliefs. He holds the English in complete responsibility and calls for their blood. The traditional view of the natives as the sole victim is an oversimplification of the problems revolving around immigration and cultural diversity. Just from these three personal accounts from the time period we have three very different views of the issue. So, to say that one peoples are the victim is a gross oversimplification and misrepresentation of history. Columbus, C. (1493). Letter to Luis de Santagel Regarding the First Voyage. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed., pp. 24-28). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Bradford, W. (1897). Of Plymouth Plantation. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 57-74). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Pontiac (1763). Speech at Detroit. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 208-209). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 1-218). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Pilgrimage of Grace - Protesting Henry VIII

The Pilgrimage of Grace was an uprising, or rather several uprisings, that took place in the north of England between 1536 and 1537. The people rose against what they saw as the heretical and tyrannical rule of Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell. Tens of thousands of people in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were involved in the uprising, making the Pilgrimage one of the most unsettling crises of Henrys most unsettled reign. Key Takeaways: The Pilgrimage of Grace The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–1537) was an uprising of tens of thousands of people, clergy and conservatives, against King Henry VIII.  They sought the reduction of taxes, the re-establishment of the Catholic church and the pope as the religious leader in England, and the replacement of Henrys main advisors.  None of their demands were met, and over 200 of the rebels were executed.  Scholars believe the rebellion failed for lack of leadership and conflicts between the demands of the poor versus those of the gentry. The insurgents crossed class lines, uniting commoners, gentlemen, and lords together for a few brief moments to protest social, economic, and political changes they observed. They believed the issues resulted from Henrys naming himself the Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England. Historians today recognize the Pilgrimage as growing out of the end of feudalism and the birth of the modern era. Religious, Political, and Economic Climate in England How the country came to such a dangerous place started with King Henrys romantic entanglements and search to secure an heir. After 24 years of being a jovial, married and Catholic king, Henry divorced his first wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn in January of 1533, shocking Catherines supporters. Worse, he also officially divorced himself from the Catholic church in Rome and made himself head of a new church in England. In March of 1536, he began to dissolve the monasteries, forcing the religious clergy to give over their lands, buildings and religious objects. On May 19, 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed, and on May 30th, Henry married his third wife Jane Seymour. The English parliament—deftly manipulated by Cromwell—had met on June 8th to declare his daughters Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, settling the crown on Janes heirs. If Jane had no heirs, Henry could pick his own heir. Henry did have an acknowledged illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy,1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), from his mistress, Elizabeth Blount, but he died on July 23rd, and it became clear to Henry that if he wanted a blood heir, he would have to acknowledge Mary or face the fact that one of Henrys great rivals, the King of Scotland James V, was going to be his heir. But in May of 1536, Henry was married, and legitimately—Catherine died in January of that year—and if he had acknowledged Mary, beheaded the hated Cromwell, burnt the heretic bishops that allied themselves with Cromwell, and reconciled himself with Pope Paul III, then the pope would have most likely recognized Jane Seymour as his wife and her children as legitimate heirs. That is essentially what the insurgents wanted. The truth was, even if hed been willing to do all that, Henry couldnt afford it. Henrys Fiscal Issues Jervaulx Abbey was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, founded in 1156. It was dissolved in 1537, and its last abbot was hanged for his part in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Dennis Barnes / Photographers Choice / Getty Images Plus The reasons for Henrys lack of funds were not strictly his famed extravagance. The discovery of new trade routes and the recent influx of silver and gold from the Americas into England severely depreciated the value of the kings stores: he desperately needed to find a way to increase revenue. The potential worth raised by the dissolution of the monasteries would be a huge influx of cash. The estimated total revenue of the religious houses in England was UK  £130,000 per year—between 64 billion and 34 trillion pounds in todays currency. The Sticking Points The reason the uprisings involved as many people as it did is also the reason they failed: the people were not united in their desires for change. There were several different sets of written and verbal issues that the commoners, gentlemen, and lords had with the King and the way he and Cromwell were handling the country—but each segment of the rebels felt more strongly about one or two but not all of the issues. No taxes during peacetime. Feudal expectations were that the king would pay his own expenses unless the country was at war. A peacetime tax had been in place from the mid-twelfth century, known as the 15th and the 10th. In 1334, the amount of the payments was fixed at a flat rate and paid by the wards to the king—the wards collected 1/10th (10%) of the moveable goods of the people living in the urban areas and paid it to the king, and the rural wards collected 1/15 (6.67%) of those of their residents. In 1535, Henry steeply raised those payments, requiring individuals to pay based on periodic assessments of not just their goods but also their rents, profits, and wages. There were also rumors of taxes to come on sheep and cattle; and of a luxury tax for people making less than 20 pounds per year on such things as white bread, cheese, butter, capons, hens, chickens.The repeal of the Statute of Uses. This unpopular statute was of vital importance to wealthy landowners who held es tates owned by Henry, but less so to the common folk. Traditionally, the landholders could use the feudal dues to support their younger children or other dependents. This statute abolished all such uses so that only the oldest son could derive any income from an estate owned by the KingThe Catholic church should be reestablished. Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn was only one problem the people had with Henrys changes; the replacement of Pope Paul III as a religious leader to a king who was perceived as a sensualist was inconceivable to the conservative parts of England, who truly believed the switch could only be temporary, now that Anne and Catherine were both dead.The heretic bishops should be deprived and punished. The basic tenet of the Catholic church in Rome was that the supremacy of the king was primary unless to follow his will was heresy, in which case they were morally obligated to work against him. Any clergy who refused to sign an oath siding with Henry was executed, and once the surviving clergy had recognized Henry as the Head of the Church of England (and were, therefore, heretics) they could not go back.No more abbeys should be suppressed. Henry began his changes by taking down the lesser monasteries, describing a laundry list of evils being perpetrated by the monks and abbots, and decreeing that there should be no more than one monastery within five miles of another. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England in the late 1530s, and one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Some of the abbeys were great landowners, and some of the abbey buildings were hundreds of years old, and often the only permanent building in the rural communities. Their dissolution was a dramatically visible loss to the countryside, as well as an economic loss.Cromwell, Riche, Legh, and Layton should be replaced by noblemen.  People blamed Henrys advisor Thomas Cromwell and other of Henrys councilors for most of their ills. Cromw ell had come to power promising to make Henry the richest king that ever was in England and the population felt that he was to blame what they saw as Henrys corruption. Cromwell was ambitious and smart, but of the lower middle classes, a clothier, solicitor, and moneylender who was convinced that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government.The rebels should be pardoned for their insurrection. None of these had a reasonable chance of success. The First Uprising: Lincolnshire, October 1–18th, 1536 Although there were minor uprisings before and after, the first major assembly of dissident people took place in Lincolnshire  beginning around the first of October, 1536. By Sunday the 8th, there were 40,000 men gathered in Lincoln. The leaders sent a petition to the King outlining their demands, who responded by sending the Duke of Suffolk to the gathering. Henry rejected all of their issues but said if they were willing to go home and submit to the punishment that he would choose, he would eventually pardon them. The commoners went home. The uprising failed on a number of fronts—they had no noble leader to intercede for them, and their object was a mix of religion, agrarian, and political issues without a single aim. They were patently afraid of civil war, probably as much as the King was. Most of all, there were another 40,000 rebels in Yorkshire, who were waiting to see what the Kings response would be before moving forward.   The Second Uprising, Yorkshire, October 6, 1536–January 1537 The second uprising was far more successful, but still ultimately failed. Led by the gentleman Robert Aske, the collective forces took first Hull, then York, the second largest city in England at the time. But, like the Lincolnshire uprising, the 40,000 commoners, gentlemen and nobles did not advance to London but instead wrote to the King their requests. This the King also rejected out of hand–but the messengers bearing the outright rejection were stopped before they reached York. Cromwell saw this disturbance as better organized than the Lincolnshire uprising, and thus more of a danger. Simply rejecting the issues might result in an outbreak of violence. Henrys and Cromwells revised strategy involved delaying the rabble at York for a month or more. A Carefully Orchestrated Delay While Aske and his associates waited for Henrys response, they reached out to the Archbishop and other clergy members, those who had sworn allegiance to the king, for their opinion on the demands. Very few responded; and when forced to read it, the Archbishop himself refused to assist, objecting to the return of papal supremacy. It is very likely that the Archbishop had a better understanding of the political situation than Aske. Henry and Cromwell designed a strategy to divide the gentlemen from their commoner followers. He sent out temporizing letters to the leadership, then in December invited Aske and the other leaders to come to see him. Aske, flattered and relieved, came to London and met with the king, who asked him to write up the history of the uprising—Askes narrative (published word-for-word in Bateson 1890) is one the main sources for the historical work by Hope Dodds and Dodds (1915). Aske and the other leaders were sent home, but the prolonged visit of the gentlemen with Henry was cause for dissension among the commoners who came to believe they had been betrayed by Henrys forces, and by mid-January 1537, most of the military force had left York. Norfolks Charge Next, Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to take steps to end the conflict. Henry declared a state of martial law and told Norfolk he should go to Yorkshire and the other counties and administer a new oath of allegiance to the King—anyone who did not sign was to be executed. Norfolk was to identify and arrest the ringleaders, he was to turn out the monks, nuns, and canons who still occupied the suppressed abbeys, and he was to turn over the lands to the farmers. The nobles and gentlemen involved in the uprising were told to expect and welcome Norfolk. Once the ringleaders were identified, they were sent to the Tower of London to await trial and execution. Aske was arrested on April 7th, 1537 and committed to the Tower, where he was repeatedly questioned. Found guilty, he was hung at York on July 12th. The rest of the ringleaders were executed according to their station in life—noblemen were beheaded, noble women were burned at the stake. Gentlemen were either sent home to be hung or hung in London and their heads placed on stakes on London Bridge. End of the Pilgrimage of Grace In all, about 216 people were executed, although not all the records of the executions were kept. In 1538–1540, groups of royal commissions toured the country and demanded that the remaining monks surrender their lands and goods. Some didnt (Glastonbury, Reading, Colchester)–and they were all executed. By 1540, all but seven of the monasteries were gone. By 1547, two-thirds of the monastic lands had been alienated, and their buildings and lands either sold at market to the classes of people who could afford them or distributed to local patriots. As to why the Pilgrimage of Grace failed so abysmally, researchers Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds argue that there were four main reasons. The leaders were under the impression that Henry was a weak, good-natured sensualist who was led astray by Cromwell: they were wrong, or at least wrong in understanding the strength and persistence of Cromwells influence. Cromwell was executed by Henry in 1540.  There were no leaders among the rebels with unconquerable energy or willpower. Aske was the most passionate: but if he could not convince the king to accept their demands, the only alternative was to have Henry overthrown, something they could not conceivably succeed in doing on their ownThe conflict between the interests of the gentlemen (higher rents and lower wages) and those of the commoners (lower rents and higher wages) could not be reconciled, and the commoners who made up the numbers of the forces were distrustful of the gentlemen who led them.  The only possible uniting power would have been the church, either the Pope or the English clergy. Neither supported the uprising in any real sense. Sources There have been several recent books on the Pilgrimage of Grace over the past few years, but writers and researching sisters Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds wrote an exhaustive work explaining the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1915 and it is still the main source of information for those new works. Bateson, Mary. The Pilgrimage of Grace. The English Historical Review 5.18 (1890): 330–45. Print.Bernard, G. W. The Dissolution of the Monasteries. History 96.4 (324) (2011): 390–409. Print.Bush, M. L. Enhancements and Importunate Charges: An Analysis of the Tax Complaints of October 1536. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 22.3 (1990): 403–19. Print.---. Up for the Commonweal: The Significance of Tax Grievances in the English Rebellions of 1536. The English Historical Review 106.419 (1991): 299-318. Print.Hope Dodds, Madeleine, and Ruth Dodds. The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy, 1538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915. Print.Hoyle, R. W., and A. J. L. Winchester. A Lost Source for the Rising of 1536 in North-West England. The English Historical Review 118.475 (2003): 120–29. Print.Liedl, Janice. The Penitent Pilgrim: William Calverley and the Pilgrimage of Grace. The Sixteenth Century Jour nal 25.3 (1994): 585–94. Print.Schofield, Roger. Taxation Under the Early Tudors, 1485–1547. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.